Surface patterning using scanning electrochemical microscopy to locally trigger a “click” chemistry reaction
- Quinton, Damien, Maringa, Audacity, Griveau, Sophie, Nyokong, Tebello, Bedioui, Fethi
- Authors: Quinton, Damien , Maringa, Audacity , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241805 , vital:50971 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.021"
- Description: We report on the surface micropatterning of conductive surfaces via the electrochemical triggering of a click reaction, the copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) by SECM via a two-step approach: (i) functionalization on the entire surface with azido-aryl groups by using the diazonium approach followed by (ii) the covalent linkage of alkyne-bearing ferrocene by CuAAC within a local area by SECM. More precisely, the click reaction was triggered by Cu(I) catalyst generation for 30 min at the SECM tip positioned ≈ 10 μm above the azido-aryl modified surface. The dimension of the spot obtained under these conditions was ≈ 75 μm. The electrochemical imaging by SECM of the ultra thin area locally clicked with ferrocene moieties was made thanks to the electrocatalytic properties of the ferrocene modified surface towards ferrocyanide electrooxidation. This local clicking procedure opens the gate to further controlled functionalization of restricted small substrates.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Quinton, Damien , Maringa, Audacity , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/241805 , vital:50971 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.021"
- Description: We report on the surface micropatterning of conductive surfaces via the electrochemical triggering of a click reaction, the copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) by SECM via a two-step approach: (i) functionalization on the entire surface with azido-aryl groups by using the diazonium approach followed by (ii) the covalent linkage of alkyne-bearing ferrocene by CuAAC within a local area by SECM. More precisely, the click reaction was triggered by Cu(I) catalyst generation for 30 min at the SECM tip positioned ≈ 10 μm above the azido-aryl modified surface. The dimension of the spot obtained under these conditions was ≈ 75 μm. The electrochemical imaging by SECM of the ultra thin area locally clicked with ferrocene moieties was made thanks to the electrocatalytic properties of the ferrocene modified surface towards ferrocyanide electrooxidation. This local clicking procedure opens the gate to further controlled functionalization of restricted small substrates.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
4-Azidoaniline-based electropolymer as a building block for functionalisation of conductive surfaces
- Coates, Megan, Elamari, Hichem, Girard, Christian, Griveau, Sophie, Nyokong, Tebello, Bedioui, Fethi
- Authors: Coates, Megan , Elamari, Hichem , Girard, Christian , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/244404 , vital:51254 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.01.001"
- Description: We propose in this work to compare three approaches using 4-azidoaniline combined with “click” chemistry and electrochemistry to anchor ferrocene moieties at glassy carbon surfaces. The immobilisation of a newly synthesised molecule, 4-(4-ferrocenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)aniline, through direct electropolymerisation or via in situ diazotization followed by electrografting is studied by analysing the samples by XPS and electrochemistry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
4-Azidoaniline-based electropolymer as a building block for functionalisation of conductive surfaces
- Authors: Coates, Megan , Elamari, Hichem , Girard, Christian , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/244404 , vital:51254 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.01.001"
- Description: We propose in this work to compare three approaches using 4-azidoaniline combined with “click” chemistry and electrochemistry to anchor ferrocene moieties at glassy carbon surfaces. The immobilisation of a newly synthesised molecule, 4-(4-ferrocenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)aniline, through direct electropolymerisation or via in situ diazotization followed by electrografting is studied by analysing the samples by XPS and electrochemistry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Layer by Layer Electrode Surface Functionalisation Using Carbon Nanotubes, Electrochemical Grafting of Azide‐Alkyne Functions and Click Chemistry
- Coates, Megan, Griveau, Sophie, Bedioui, Fethi, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Coates, Megan , Griveau, Sophie , Bedioui, Fethi , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/243509 , vital:51159 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201200240"
- Description: Ferrocene was covalently bonded to a layer of adsorbed single-walled carbon nanotubes on a glassy carbon electrode surface using electrochemical grafting and click chemistry. Grafting of the 4-azidobenzenediazonium salt onto the surface was accomplished by electrochemical reduction. The surface-bound azide groups, with the use of a copper(I) catalyst, were reacted with ethynylferrocene to form covalent 1,2,3-triazole bonds by click chemistry. This layer by layer construction of the electrode surface results in stable electrodes by combining good electrical conductivity and increased surface area of the nanotubes with the versatility of the Sharpless click reaction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Coates, Megan , Griveau, Sophie , Bedioui, Fethi , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/243509 , vital:51159 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201200240"
- Description: Ferrocene was covalently bonded to a layer of adsorbed single-walled carbon nanotubes on a glassy carbon electrode surface using electrochemical grafting and click chemistry. Grafting of the 4-azidobenzenediazonium salt onto the surface was accomplished by electrochemical reduction. The surface-bound azide groups, with the use of a copper(I) catalyst, were reacted with ethynylferrocene to form covalent 1,2,3-triazole bonds by click chemistry. This layer by layer construction of the electrode surface results in stable electrodes by combining good electrical conductivity and increased surface area of the nanotubes with the versatility of the Sharpless click reaction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry of a novel manganese phthalocyanine substituted with hexynyl groups
- Quinton, Damien, Antunes, Edith M, Griveau, Sophie, Nyokong, Tebello, Bedioui, Fethi
- Authors: Quinton, Damien , Antunes, Edith M , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/248450 , vital:51687 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2010.11.029"
- Description: We report here on the synthesis of a new manganese phthalocyanine complex, namely Mn tetrakis(5-hexyn-oxy) phthalocyanine (3), specifically designed to possess an alkyne moiety for its potential use in controlled immobilization on electrodes via the so called “click” chemistry reaction. The electrochemical activity of complex 3 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and the nature of the observed redox couples was elucidated by spectroelectrochemistry. This work has also shown that the reduction of Mn(III)Pc complex to Mn(II)Pc is accompanied by the formation of MnPc μ-oxo species. Further reduction results in the formation of Mn(II)Pc(− 3) rather than Mn(I)Pc(− 2).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Quinton, Damien , Antunes, Edith M , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/248450 , vital:51687 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2010.11.029"
- Description: We report here on the synthesis of a new manganese phthalocyanine complex, namely Mn tetrakis(5-hexyn-oxy) phthalocyanine (3), specifically designed to possess an alkyne moiety for its potential use in controlled immobilization on electrodes via the so called “click” chemistry reaction. The electrochemical activity of complex 3 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and the nature of the observed redox couples was elucidated by spectroelectrochemistry. This work has also shown that the reduction of Mn(III)Pc complex to Mn(II)Pc is accompanied by the formation of MnPc μ-oxo species. Further reduction results in the formation of Mn(II)Pc(− 3) rather than Mn(I)Pc(− 2).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Microelectrochemical patterning of gold surfaces using 4-azidobenzenediazonium and scanning electrochemical microscopy
- Coates, Megan, Cabet, Eva, Griveau, Sophie, Nyokong, Tebello, Bedioui, Fethi
- Authors: Coates, Megan , Cabet, Eva , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247926 , vital:51630 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2010.11.037"
- Description: This work describes for the first time the possibility of performing local micro electrochemical grafting of a gold substrate by 4-azidobenzenediazonium by SECM in a single and simple one step without complications from adsorption. The electrografted spots of diazonium were performed by positioning a Pt tip at a given distance above the gold substrate and the SECM was used in a three-electrode configuration (the Pt tip serving as the microanode) in acetonitrile containing 5 mM 4-azidobenzenediazonium and 0.1 M Bu4NBF4 during 10 ms. The dimensions of the derivatized areas of the substrates were finely tuned by using different experimental conditions (tip distance above the substrate, tip diameter, presence or absence of supporting electrolyte). The use of the azido-derivated diazonium molecule and these preliminary results open the gate to important applications and developments devoted to the local micro functionalization of electrodes by thin layers that allow the implementation of the emerging and attractive interfacial click reaction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Coates, Megan , Cabet, Eva , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/247926 , vital:51630 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2010.11.037"
- Description: This work describes for the first time the possibility of performing local micro electrochemical grafting of a gold substrate by 4-azidobenzenediazonium by SECM in a single and simple one step without complications from adsorption. The electrografted spots of diazonium were performed by positioning a Pt tip at a given distance above the gold substrate and the SECM was used in a three-electrode configuration (the Pt tip serving as the microanode) in acetonitrile containing 5 mM 4-azidobenzenediazonium and 0.1 M Bu4NBF4 during 10 ms. The dimensions of the derivatized areas of the substrates were finely tuned by using different experimental conditions (tip distance above the substrate, tip diameter, presence or absence of supporting electrolyte). The use of the azido-derivated diazonium molecule and these preliminary results open the gate to important applications and developments devoted to the local micro functionalization of electrodes by thin layers that allow the implementation of the emerging and attractive interfacial click reaction.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Electro-catalyzed oxidation of reduced glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol by cobalt phthalocyanine-containing screen printed graphite electrodes
- Sehlotho, Nthapo, Griveau, Sophie, Ruillé, Nadine, Boujtita, Mohammed, Nyokong, Tebello, Bedioui, Fethi
- Authors: Sehlotho, Nthapo , Griveau, Sophie , Ruillé, Nadine , Boujtita, Mohammed , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/265935 , vital:53902 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.054"
- Description: Electro-catalytic behavior of screen printed graphite electrodes modified with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) towards the oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) is reported. We find, by using cyclic voltammetry, that the oxidation of 2-ME occurs at 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and − 0.3 vs Ag/AgCl V at pH = 7 and pH = 13, respectively and that of GSH occurs at 0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl and 0.0 V vs Ag/AgCl at pH = 7 and 13, respectively. The electro-catalytic activity depends on the method of electrode modification and the amount of catalyst incorporated in the ink used to fabricate the SPCEs. The highest activity was obtained with electrodes prepared with 2.5% (w:w) of CoPc.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Sehlotho, Nthapo , Griveau, Sophie , Ruillé, Nadine , Boujtita, Mohammed , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/265935 , vital:53902 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.054"
- Description: Electro-catalytic behavior of screen printed graphite electrodes modified with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) towards the oxidation of reduced glutathione (GSH) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) is reported. We find, by using cyclic voltammetry, that the oxidation of 2-ME occurs at 0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl and − 0.3 vs Ag/AgCl V at pH = 7 and pH = 13, respectively and that of GSH occurs at 0.4 V vs Ag/AgCl and 0.0 V vs Ag/AgCl at pH = 7 and 13, respectively. The electro-catalytic activity depends on the method of electrode modification and the amount of catalyst incorporated in the ink used to fabricate the SPCEs. The highest activity was obtained with electrodes prepared with 2.5% (w:w) of CoPc.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Electrochemical Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayer of a Novel Manganese Tetrabenzylthio-Substituted Phthalocyanine and Its Use in Nitrite Oxidation
- Matemadombo, Fungisai, Griveau, Sophie, Bedioui, Fethi, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Matemadombo, Fungisai , Griveau, Sophie , Bedioui, Fethi , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/265950 , vital:53903 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200804269"
- Description: Manganese phthalocyanine MnPc(SPh)4 has been synthesized and used to form self assembled monolayers on gold electrodes. The well packed SAM monolayer was characterized by analyzing the blocking of a number of Faradic processes by cyclic voltammetry, evaluating the electrical characteristics of the modified electrode by electrochemical impedance and imaging the modified surface by electrochemical scanning microscopy. Finally, MnPc(SPh)4-SAM modified electrode displayed an electrocatalytic behavior toward the oxidation of nitrite.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Matemadombo, Fungisai , Griveau, Sophie , Bedioui, Fethi , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/265950 , vital:53903 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200804269"
- Description: Manganese phthalocyanine MnPc(SPh)4 has been synthesized and used to form self assembled monolayers on gold electrodes. The well packed SAM monolayer was characterized by analyzing the blocking of a number of Faradic processes by cyclic voltammetry, evaluating the electrical characteristics of the modified electrode by electrochemical impedance and imaging the modified surface by electrochemical scanning microscopy. Finally, MnPc(SPh)4-SAM modified electrode displayed an electrocatalytic behavior toward the oxidation of nitrite.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Cobalt Phthalocyanine Molecular Electrode for the Electrochemical Investigation of the Release of Glutathione upon Copper-Catalyzed Decomposition of S-Nitrosoglutathione
- Sehlotho, Nthapo, Griveau, Sophie, Nyokong, Tebello, Bedioui, Fethi
- Authors: Sehlotho, Nthapo , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/281201 , vital:55701 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603656"
- Description: Decomposition of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in phosphate buffer solution at physiological pH 7.4 in the presence of cuprous ion as a catalyst and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent is analyzed by observing the transient apparition of reduced glutathione GSH through its electrooxidation. Transient formation of GSH, upon decomposition of 1 mM GSNO in presence of 0.025 mM Cu(NO3)2 and 1 mM NaBH4 was detected by using an ordinary pyrolytic graphite electrode modified with an adsorbed monolayer of cobalt phthalocyanine at 0 V vs. SCE.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Sehlotho, Nthapo , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/281201 , vital:55701 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603656"
- Description: Decomposition of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in phosphate buffer solution at physiological pH 7.4 in the presence of cuprous ion as a catalyst and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent is analyzed by observing the transient apparition of reduced glutathione GSH through its electrooxidation. Transient formation of GSH, upon decomposition of 1 mM GSNO in presence of 0.025 mM Cu(NO3)2 and 1 mM NaBH4 was detected by using an ordinary pyrolytic graphite electrode modified with an adsorbed monolayer of cobalt phthalocyanine at 0 V vs. SCE.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Tuning the redox properties of metalloporphyrin-and metallophthalocyanine-based molecular electrodes for the highest electrocatalytic activity in the oxidation of thiols
- Bedioui, Fethi, Griveau, Sophie, Nyokong, Tebello, Appleby, A John, Caro, Claudia A, Gulppi, Miguel, Ochoa, Gonzalo, Zagal, José H
- Authors: Bedioui, Fethi , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Appleby, A John , Caro, Claudia A , Gulppi, Miguel , Ochoa, Gonzalo , Zagal, José H
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/283988 , vital:56009 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/B618767F"
- Description: In this work we discuss different approaches for achieving electrodes modified with N4 macrocyclic complexes for the catalysis of the electrochemical oxidation of thiols. These approaches involve adsorption, electropolymerization and molecular anchoring using self assembled monolayers. We also discuss the parameters that determine the reactivity of these complexes. Catalytic activity is associated with the nature of the central metal, redox potentials and Hammett parameters of substituents on the ligand. Correlations between catalytic activity (log i at constant E) and the redox potential of catalysts for complexes of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu are linear with an increase of activity for more positive redox potentials. For a great variety complexes bearing the same metal center (Co) correlations between log i and Eo′ of the Co(II)/Co(I) couple have the shape of an unsymmetric volcano. This indicates that the potential of the Co(II)/Co(I) couple can be tuned using the appropiate ligand to achieve maximum catalytic activity. Maximum activity probably corresponds to a ΔG of adsorption of the thiol on the Co center equal to zero, and to a coverage of active sites by the thiol equal to 0.5.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Bedioui, Fethi , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Appleby, A John , Caro, Claudia A , Gulppi, Miguel , Ochoa, Gonzalo , Zagal, José H
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/283988 , vital:56009 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1039/B618767F"
- Description: In this work we discuss different approaches for achieving electrodes modified with N4 macrocyclic complexes for the catalysis of the electrochemical oxidation of thiols. These approaches involve adsorption, electropolymerization and molecular anchoring using self assembled monolayers. We also discuss the parameters that determine the reactivity of these complexes. Catalytic activity is associated with the nature of the central metal, redox potentials and Hammett parameters of substituents on the ligand. Correlations between catalytic activity (log i at constant E) and the redox potential of catalysts for complexes of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu are linear with an increase of activity for more positive redox potentials. For a great variety complexes bearing the same metal center (Co) correlations between log i and Eo′ of the Co(II)/Co(I) couple have the shape of an unsymmetric volcano. This indicates that the potential of the Co(II)/Co(I) couple can be tuned using the appropiate ligand to achieve maximum catalytic activity. Maximum activity probably corresponds to a ΔG of adsorption of the thiol on the Co center equal to zero, and to a coverage of active sites by the thiol equal to 0.5.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Surface patterning using scanning electrochemical microscopy to locally trigger a “click” chemistry reaction
- Quinton, Damien, Maringa, Audacity, Griveau, Sophie, Nyokong, Tebello, Bedioui, Fethi
- Authors: Quinton, Damien , Maringa, Audacity , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7331 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020592
- Description: We report on the surface micropatterning of conductive surfaces via the electrochemical triggering of a click reaction, the copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) by SECM via a two-step approach: (i) functionalization on the entire surface with azido-aryl groups by using the diazonium approach followed by (ii) the covalent linkage of alkyne-bearing ferrocene by CuAAC within a local area by SECM. More precisely, the click reaction was triggered by Cu(I) catalyst generation for 30 min at the SECM tip positioned ≈ 10 μm above the azido-aryl modified surface. The dimension of the spot obtained under these conditions was ≈ 75 μm. The electrochemical imaging by SECM of the ultra thin area locally clicked with ferrocene moieties was made thanks to the electrocatalytic properties of the ferrocene modified surface towards ferrocyanide electrooxidation. This local clicking procedure opens the gate to further controlled functionalization of restricted small substrates. , Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.021
- Full Text: false
- Authors: Quinton, Damien , Maringa, Audacity , Griveau, Sophie , Nyokong, Tebello , Bedioui, Fethi
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7331 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020592
- Description: We report on the surface micropatterning of conductive surfaces via the electrochemical triggering of a click reaction, the copper(I) catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) by SECM via a two-step approach: (i) functionalization on the entire surface with azido-aryl groups by using the diazonium approach followed by (ii) the covalent linkage of alkyne-bearing ferrocene by CuAAC within a local area by SECM. More precisely, the click reaction was triggered by Cu(I) catalyst generation for 30 min at the SECM tip positioned ≈ 10 μm above the azido-aryl modified surface. The dimension of the spot obtained under these conditions was ≈ 75 μm. The electrochemical imaging by SECM of the ultra thin area locally clicked with ferrocene moieties was made thanks to the electrocatalytic properties of the ferrocene modified surface towards ferrocyanide electrooxidation. This local clicking procedure opens the gate to further controlled functionalization of restricted small substrates. , Original publication is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.021
- Full Text: false
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