Cannabidiol: extraction and purification using flow Chemistry
- Authors: Bopape, Karabo
- Date: 2022-04
- Subjects: Supercritical fluid extraction -- South Africa , Cannabis -- Therapeutic use
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/55723 , vital:53410
- Description: cannabinoids are of growing interest in research and pharmaceutical applications. Cannabidiol, which is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, has many pharmaceutical applications. The current and main source of cannabidiol and other cannabinoids is from cannabis and hemp extractions. Current extraction methods involve the use of conventional solvent extraction, which employs the use of organic solvents, in some cases along with mechanical assistance from various equipment. Alternatively, another widely used extraction method is the use of supercritical extraction fluids (SC-CO2 being the most common). An alternative method, which uses chemical synthesis to derivatize cannabidiol to form an intermediate, which is crystalline and can easily be isolated from the extract; the crystalline intermediate can then be deprotected back to pure cannabidiol. In this research, we investigated and adapted the crystallisation method (originally employed by Adams) into continuous flow. In this research, hemp extracts and oilsrich in CBD were used as the source for cannabidiol. This synthesis was adapted into microreactors to synthesise the crystalline intermediate ester product (cannabidiol-3,5-bis-benzoate) which was subsequently reacted in a saponification ester hydrolysis to convert back and isolate pure CBD using continuous flow microreactor technology. Chapter one gives a comprehensive literature review and background on cannabidiol, along with its chemistry and pharmacological benefits in addition to a brief introduction to continuous flow technology with its advantages. Chapter two details the experimental procedures utilised for both batch and continuous flow syntheses. The continuous flow synthesis and subsequent hydrolysis of the ester intermediate, which shows the improvements in comparison to batch; giving higher product recovery (63% CBD), in shorter reaction times (2.5 min for CBD bis-benzoate; 30 min for CBD) is subsequently presented. This is expanded in chapter three with detailed discussions of the results attained during the continuous flow. The concluding remarks, the impact of this study and future work are elucidated in chapter four. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2022
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- Date Issued: 2022-04
The effect of phytocannabinoid treatment on adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells
- Authors: Ramlugon, Sonaal
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Cannabinoids , Adipose tissues , Cannabis -- Therapeutic use
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10361 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021072
- Description: During the 1800’s cannabis use was described as a treatment for a variety of metabolic disorders but its recreational use in the twentieth century resulted in laws which made the usage of cannabis illegal despite its medicinal properties. Cannabis usage has been reported to be useful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes but unfortunately conflicting results are often published and its mechanism of action is still unknown. The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of phytocannabinoid treatment on adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells, to unravel their mechanism of action and also to test for potential anti-diabetic properties. The studies showed that phytocannabinoid treatment promoted higher glucose uptake and significantly less fat accumulation when compared to Rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug that has recently been withdrawn from the market since its usage has been associated with severe side effects. It was also found that during the 1800’s cannabis use was described as a treatment for a variety of metabolic disorders but its recreational use in the twentieth century resulted in laws which made the usage of cannabis illegal despite its medicinal properties. Cannabis usage has been reported to be useful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes but unfortunately conflicting results are often published and its mechanism of action is still unknown. The aim of this project was to investigate the effect of phytocannabinoid treatment on adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells, to unravel their mechanism of action and also to test for potential anti-diabetic properties. The studies showed that phytocannabinoid treatment promoted higher glucose uptake and significantly less fat accumulation when compared to Rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug that has recently been withdrawn from the market since its usage has been associated with severe side effects. It was also found that phytocannabinoid treatment was able to reverse the insulin-resistant state of 3T3-L1 cells. The study indicates that the mechanism of action occurs at the mitochondrial level where enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are modulated thereby affecting oxidative phosphorylation involved in the respiratory chain. In addition the effect observed with phytocannabinoid treatment is time dependent and affects the cells differently at different developmental stages. Therefore it can be concluded that phytocannabinoid treatment not only helps to maintain the balance between adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells but its use may also be helpful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and/or obesity-related insulin resistance.phytocannabinoid treatment was able to reverse the insulin-resistant state of 3T3-L1 cells. The study indicates that the mechanism of action occurs at the mitochondrial level where enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are modulated thereby affecting oxidative phosphorylation involved in the respiratory chain. In addition the effect observed with phytocannabinoid treatment is time dependent and affects the cells differently at different developmental stages. Therefore it can be concluded that phytocannabinoid treatment not only helps to maintain the balance between adipogenesis and lipolysis in 3T3-L1 cells but its use may also be helpful in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and/or obesity-related insulin resistance.
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- Date Issued: 2014